They were first introduced like most invasive plants, in someone’s garden. They were first noted in the wild in 1870, now they are established in almost the whole country.
They are mostly present close to roads and similar places like next to railways.
Their roots also survive the winter well. Their root system also makes them hard to eradicate.
Apparently they like to take lots of nitrogen out of the ground which helps them displace native plants. They also attract lots of pollinators away from other plants even when they have no nectar.
They are not officially classified as an invasive species in the law (which for example forbids people to plant more) but it’s being investigated. People are still told to not plant it and help stop it from spreading if they are able.
In Finland they are already classified as invasive.
I think you have the nitrogen thing backwards: lupine are nitrogen-fixers, meaning they pull nitrogen from the air and put it in the ground where non-nitrogen-fixing plants can access it.* However you’re correct that they’re invasive in Europe, and multiply quickly and aggressively (a single plant will produce thousands if not tens of thousands of seeds every year). I’ve heard that despite this they were intentionally introduced to Iceland to help revegetate the barren landscape after many failed attempts at reforestation (despite being known for its wide open spaces, Iceland used to be a giant forest… before humans cut down all the trees). The idea is for the lupine, which grow splendidly there, to be the first line of revegetation, to be later replaced by native species, kind of like cover-cropping in agriculture. We’ll have to wait and see if this Hail Mary approach works out…
*Nitrogen-fixing is way more complicated than I’m describing here, especially in a non-agricultural setting such as the wild. I know that in agriculture, to get the most benefit from your nitrogen fixers it’s best to not let them go to seed, something that obviously happens all the time in the wild.
That’s very likely. Whatever they do with nitrogen is apparently a problem because we like the plants that are supposed to be their and not the plants that like nitrogen soil.
Here is what the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency has to say about it (translated using Google translate because I’m lazy)
In the long term, the flower lupine can affect the vegetation where it has established itself due to its ability to bind nitrogen and thereby fertilize the soil. In the naturally lean soils in which it usually grows, the addition of nitrogen can, for example, cause meadow flowers, which are often particularly worthy of protection, to be replaced by more nitrogen-adapted plants.
I don’t know much about plants. All I know is that I must kill lupines.
Yeah the Iceland thing was intentional. The article I linked explains it further.
Oh, that makes a lot of sense! They make the soil too fertile, which allows plants that normally shouldn’t be able to live there to be successful and push out the poor-soil-adapted native species. It’s like irrigating a desert: all the drought-tolerant natives will get out-competed by water-loving plants.
Sweden. Pretty sure they are invasive in large parts of northern Europe too. Apparently Iceland has huge problems with it. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/11/world/europe/iceland-lupine.html?unlocked_article_code=1.vk0.iixH.2KBIz5kjX5K9
They were first introduced like most invasive plants, in someone’s garden. They were first noted in the wild in 1870, now they are established in almost the whole country.
They are mostly present close to roads and similar places like next to railways.
Their roots also survive the winter well. Their root system also makes them hard to eradicate.
Apparently they like to take lots of nitrogen out of the ground which helps them displace native plants. They also attract lots of pollinators away from other plants even when they have no nectar.
They are not officially classified as an invasive species in the law (which for example forbids people to plant more) but it’s being investigated. People are still told to not plant it and help stop it from spreading if they are able.
In Finland they are already classified as invasive.
I think you have the nitrogen thing backwards: lupine are nitrogen-fixers, meaning they pull nitrogen from the air and put it in the ground where non-nitrogen-fixing plants can access it.* However you’re correct that they’re invasive in Europe, and multiply quickly and aggressively (a single plant will produce thousands if not tens of thousands of seeds every year). I’ve heard that despite this they were intentionally introduced to Iceland to help revegetate the barren landscape after many failed attempts at reforestation (despite being known for its wide open spaces, Iceland used to be a giant forest… before humans cut down all the trees). The idea is for the lupine, which grow splendidly there, to be the first line of revegetation, to be later replaced by native species, kind of like cover-cropping in agriculture. We’ll have to wait and see if this Hail Mary approach works out…
*Nitrogen-fixing is way more complicated than I’m describing here, especially in a non-agricultural setting such as the wild. I know that in agriculture, to get the most benefit from your nitrogen fixers it’s best to not let them go to seed, something that obviously happens all the time in the wild.
That’s very likely. Whatever they do with nitrogen is apparently a problem because we like the plants that are supposed to be their and not the plants that like nitrogen soil.
Here is what the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency has to say about it (translated using Google translate because I’m lazy)
I don’t know much about plants. All I know is that I must kill lupines.
Yeah the Iceland thing was intentional. The article I linked explains it further.
Oh, that makes a lot of sense! They make the soil too fertile, which allows plants that normally shouldn’t be able to live there to be successful and push out the poor-soil-adapted native species. It’s like irrigating a desert: all the drought-tolerant natives will get out-competed by water-loving plants.